BAHAN
AJAR BAHASA INGGRIS
Kata Kerja dijadikan Kata Benda (Gerund)
Kecuali dengan bentuk GERUND (infinitive
+ ing) yang mengandung arti hal perbuatan/cara perbuatan itu dilakukan,
misalnya : swimming
is good for our health, collecting stamps is my hobby, reading French is
difficult, parking here is forbidden dsb.
– kata kerja yang dijadikan kata benda bisa dibuat dengan memberi berbagai
akhiran selain “ing”.
a. Infinitive + TION
to inform – information artinya: penerangan
to reform – reformation : pembaharuan
to solve – solution larutan, pemecahan
to repeat – repetition ulangan
to produce – production hasil/produksi
to attend – attention perhatian
to pronounce – pronunciation pengucapan suara
to administer – administration pengelolaan
to educate – education pendidikan
to elect – election pemilihan
to invite – invitation undangan
to intend – intention niat
to invent – invention penemuan (baru)
to demonstrate – demonstration demonstrasi
to alter – alteration pengubahan (ganti)
to altercate – altercation pertengkaran
to fabricate – fabrication pembuatan
to act – action perbuatan
to appreciate – appreciation penghargaan
to assume – assumption sangkaan/dugaan
to corrupt – corruption (korupsi)
to classify – classification (jenis/klasifikasi)
to circulate – circulation (peredaran)
to combine – combination (gabungan/kombinasi)
to mwounicate – communication (perhubungan)
to confirm – confirmation (penetapan/pengesahan)
to decorate – decoration (dekorasi ruangan)
to declare – declaration (pernyataan)
to devote – devotion (ketaman/kepamhan)
to expose – exposition (pertunjuka/pameran)
to except – exception (bantahan/kekecualian
to frustrate – frustration (kekecewaan dan bingung;frustasi)
to hesitate – hesitation (kebimbangan)
to inject – injection (suntikan)
to interrupt – interruption (pemulusan/penentangan)
to interpret – interpretation (penafsiran)
to intervere – intervention (campur tangan)
to narrate – narration (penceramah)
to observe – observation (pengamatan)
to operate – operation (pembedahan ;kedokteran ;gerakan ;militer
pengerjaan)
to present -presentation (presentasi)
to register – registration (pendaftaran)
to relate – relation (perhubungan)
to restore – restoration (perbaikan/pemugaran)
to satisfy – satisfaction (kepuasan)
to translate – translation (penerjemahan)
b. Berakhiran SION
to permit – permission (izin)
to omit – omission (penghilangan/penanggalan)
to secede – secession (pemisahan)
to succeed – succession (pewarisan)
to apprehend – apprehension (pemahamam, keprihatinan,pengertian,
kecemasan)
to decide – decision (keputusan)
to discuss – discussion (perundingan)
to suspect – suspicion (kesangsian, kecurigaan)
to explode – explosion (ledakan, letusan)
c. Berakiran URE
to please – pleasure (kesenangan)
to press – pressure (tekanan)
to depart – departure (keberangkatan)
to sign – signature (tandatangan)
to seize – seizure (perampasan)
d. Berakhiran AL
to arrive – arrival (kedatangan)
to try – trial (percobaan)
to approve – approval (pernyataan setuju)
to remove – removal (perpindahan)
to rehearse – rehearsal (pengulangan)
to acquit – acquittal (pelunasan/kelepasan)
to dispose – disposal (pengaturan/kecondongan)
to edit – editorial (tajuk rencana)
to continue – continual (kesinambungan)
e. Berakhiran MENT
to govern – government (pemerintahan)
to equip – equipment (perlengkapan)
to agree – agreement (persetujuan)
to improve – improvement (perbaikan)
to enlarge – enlargement (perluasan)
to pay – payment (pembayaran)
to invest – investment (penanaman modal)
to punish – punishment (hukuman)
to arrange – arrangement (tatanan, susunan)
to settle – settlement (penyelesaian, perkampungan)
to entertain – entertainment (hiburan)
to manage – management (pengelolaan)
to develop – development (perkembangan)
f. Berakhiran CB/ANCE
to perform – performance (pertunjukan)
to resist – resistance (perlawanan)
to assist – assistance (bantuan)
to appear – appearance (kemunculan, penampilan)
to enter – entrance (jalanmasuk)
to guide – guidance (tuntunan, panduan)
to serve – service (pelayanan)
to accord – accordance (persesuaian/persetujuan)
to maintain – maintenance (pemeliharaan)
to defend – defense (pertahanan)
g. Berakhlran ESS
to succeed – success (keberhasilan)
to proceed – process (perkembangan/kemajuan)
to exceed – excess (kelebihan)
h. Berakhiran TH
to grow – growth (perturnbuhan)
to die – death (kematian)
to deepen (memperdalam) – depth (kedalaman)
t. Ada pula kata-kata yang diberi bentuk
tersendiri dan berubah suara/bunyi
to see – sight (penglihatan)
to fly – flight (penerbangan)
to receive – receipt (tanda penerimaan)
to draw – drawing (gambar)
to drink – draught (tegukan/minum (obat))
to give – gift (pemberian)
to speak – speech (pidato)
to loose – loss (kehilangan/rugi)
to choose – choice (pilihan)
to live – life (kehidupan)
to conquer – conquest (penaklukan)
to pray – prayer (persembahan/doa)
to sing – song (nyanyian)
to know – knowledge (pengetahuan)
J. Ada pula kata-kata kerja yang tidak
berubah sama sekali bentuknya
to walk – walk (perjalanan/jalannya)
to ride – ride (pengendaraan)
to dance – dance (tarian)
to play – play (permainan)
to visit – visit (kunjungan)
to escape – escape (kelepasan/kelolosan)
to laugh – laugh (tertawa)
smile – smile (senyuman)
to sleep – sleep (tidurnya)
to plant – plant (tanaman)
to change – change (perubahan)
to look – look (pandangan)
to show – show (pertunjukkan)
to drink – drink (minuman)
to love – love (cinta)
to aid – aid (bantuan)
to help – help (pertolongan)
Kata
Benda dijadikan Kata Sifat
a. Dengan pemberian akhiran Y
anger – angry (marah)
wealth – wealthy (makmur)
health – healthy (sehat)
fun – funny (lucu/menggelikan)
hair – hairy (berambut)
rain – rainy (berhujan)
wind – windy (berangin)
cloud – cloudy (berawan)
fog – foggy (berkabut)
noise – noisy (ribut/berisik)
sorrow – sorry (menyesal/sedih/sayang)
dust – dusty (kotor/berdebu)
b. Akhiran OUS
danger – dangerous (berbahaya)
victory – victorious (gemilang)
glory – glorious (megah)
mystery – mysterious (penuh rahasia)
delight – delicious (nyaman/nikmat/lezat)
c. Akhiran FUL
wonder – wonderful (ajaib)
use – useful (berguna)
delight – delightful (nyaman)
care – careful (hati-hati)
wish – wishful (berkeinginan)
dread – dreadful (mengerikan)
peace – peaceful (penuh kedamaian)
power – powerful (penuh kekuatan)
doubt – doubtful (ragu sekali)
success – successful (sangat berhasil)
respect – respectful (hormat)
d. Akhiran AL
history – historical (bersejarah)
condition – conditional (bersyarat)
science – scientifical (ilmiah)
spirit – spiritual (rohaniah)
education – educational (mengenai pendidikan)
centrum – central (pusat)
origin – original (asli)
person – personal (bersifat pribadi)
PERUBAHAN
MAKNA DAN BENTUK KATA
DALAM
BAHASA INGGRIS
Compiled
by: Jasmansyah
Kata
Sifat dijadikan Kata Benda
a.
Dengan pemberian akhiran CE
patient – patience (kesabaran)
important – importance (pentingnya)
present – presence (kehadiran)
absent – absence (ketidakhadiran)
different – difference (perbedaan)
distant – distance (jarak)
b.
Akhiran NESS
sad – sadness (kesedihan)
glad – gladness (kegembiraan)
happy – happiness (kebahagiaan)
kind – kindness (keramahan/kebaikan)
dark – darkness (kegelapan)
bright – brightness (kecemerlangan)
c.
Akhiran ITY
noble – nobility (keagungan budi)
able – ability (kemampuan)
capable – capability (kecakapan)
pure – purity (keaslian/kemurnian/kesucian)
popular – popularity (ketenaran)
original – originality (keaslian)
d.
Ada yang mempunyai bentuk khusus
high – height (tinggi/tingginya)
wide – width (lebar/luas/lebarnya/luasnya)
long – length (panjang/panjangnya)
deep – depth (dalam/dalamnya)
strong – strength (kekuatan)
new – novelty (kebaharuan)
true – truth (kebenaran)
rich – riches (kekayaan)
proud – pride (kebanggaan)
Kata
Kerja dijadikan Kata Sifat
a.
Dengan pemberian akhiran BLE
to bear – bearable (dapat ditahan)
to obtain – obtainable (bisa diperoleh)
to apply – applicable (dapat digunakan)
to break – breakable (mudah pecah)
to manage – manageable (dapat dikelola/dikendalikan)
to extend – extensible (dapat diperluas)
to find – findable (dapat diketemukan)
to separate – separable (dapat dipisahkan)
to penetrate – penetrable (dapat ditembus/dimasuki)
to agree – agreeable (dapat disetujui)
to accept – acceptable (dapat diterima)
b.
Ada yang mempunyai bentuk sendiri
to hear – audible (dapat didengar)
to read – legible (dapat dibaca)
to eat – edible (dapat dimakan)
to see – visible (dapat dilihat)
to burn – inflammable (mudah terbakar)
to touch – palpable/tangible (dapatdiraba/disentuh)
to carry – portable (dapat diangkut/dicangking)
to bend – flexible (dapat dilengkungkan)
to feel – sensible (dapat dirasakan)
c.
Perhatikan arti kata-kata di bawah ini
inalienable – tidak dapat dicabut haknya
irreplaceable – tidak dapat digantikan
indispensable – tidak dapat ditinggalkan
innumerable – tidak terhingga banyaknya
irresponsible – tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan
inviolable – tidak boleh diganggu gugat
irrevocable – tidak boleh tidak (harus)
irresistible – tidak dapat menahan godaan,karena sangat menarik
incredible – tidak dapat dipercaya/mustahil/tak masuk akal
The
Active and Pasive Voice
Tenses terbagi menjadi present, past,
dan future.
berikut ini iktisar dari bagan – bagannya dengan bentuk Active dan Passive
Voice
PRESENT
Present Simple
Active
|
Passive
|
S + V1 + O + Complement
|
S penderita + is/am/are + V3 + by O
pelaku + Complement
|
Present Continuous
Active
|
Passive
|
S + is/am/are + V-ing + O + Complement
|
S penderita + is/am/are + being + V3 +
by O pelaku + Complement
|
Present Perfect
Active
|
Passive
|
S + have/has + V3 + O + Complement
|
S penderita +have/has +been + V3 + by
O pelaku + Complement
|
Present Perfect Continuous
Active
|
Passive
|
S + have/has + been+ V -ing + O +
Complement
|
NO PASSIVE FORM
|
PAST
Past Simple
Active
|
Passive
|
S + V2 + O + Complement
|
S penderita +was/were +V3 + by O
pelaku +Complement
|
Past Continuous
Active
|
Passive
|
S +was/were + V-ing + O + complement
|
S penderita +was/were + being + V3 +
by O pelaku +Complement
|
Past Perfect
Active
|
Passive
|
S + had + V3 + O + Complement
|
S penderita + had + been + V3 + by O
pelaku + Complement
|
Past Perfect continuous
Active
|
Passive
|
S + had + been + V-ing + O +
Complement
|
NO PASSIVE FORM
|
FUTURE
Future Simple
Active
|
Passive
|
S + will/shall/be going to + inf. + O
+ Complement
|
S penderita +will/shall/be going to +
be + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement
|
Future Continuous
Active
|
Passive
|
S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O +
Complement
|
NO PASSIVE FORM
|
Future Perfect
Active
|
Passive
|
S + will/shall + have + V3 + O +
Complement
|
S penderita + have/has + been + V3 +
by O pelaku + Complement
|
Future Perfect Continuous
Active
|
Passive
|
S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing +
O + Complement
|
NO PASSIVE FORM
|
Catatan :
Complement adalah keterangan pelengkap yang perlu dicantumkan,
misal : keterangan tempat dan keterangan waktu.
Auxiliary
and Modals
|
PRESENT
|
PAST
|
Ability
|
Can
I can speak German
|
Could
I could speak German
when I was a child
|
Permission
|
May, Can, Might
May I go playing
football ?
|
Could, Might
Could I go playing
football?
|
Possibility
|
May, Can, Might
John hasn’t come
yet. He may work.
|
May, Have, Might Have
John hadn’t come yet
when we got home.He might have worked overtime
|
Advise
|
Should, Ought to, Had better.
You should study
hard.
|
Should have, Ought to have.
you should have
studied hard.
|
Necessity
|
Must, Have to.
We must eat our
breakfast.
|
Had to
We had to eat our
breakfast this morning.
|
Probability
|
Must
He is absent today.
He must be sick.
|
Must have
He was absent
yesterday.
He must have been sick.
|
Catatan :
1.
Probability
adalah strong possibility.
2.
Larangan
(Prohibition) dinyatakan dengan menggunakan MUST NOT. Contoh :
You
must not go out tonight (kamu dilarang pergi).
You don’t have to go
out tonight (kamu tidak perlu pergi).
3.
SHOULD
HAVE dan COULD HAVE menyatakan penyesalan terhadap suatu aktivitas yang pada
kenyataannya tidak dilakukan.
4.
WOULD
juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan masa lalu (bermakna USED TO).
contoh :
o
My Grandfather would tell bedtime story when I was a
child.
o
My Grandfather used to tell bedtime story when I was a
child.
Elliptical Construction
POSITIVE
|
NEGATIVE
|
SO + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT
|
NEITHER + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT
|
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY + TOO
|
SUBJECT + AUXILIARY(NOT) + EITHER
|
you are a student.
I am a student.
you are a student,
and so am I.
And I am too.
|
you are not a doctor.
I am not a doctor.
you are not a doctor,
and nether am I.
And I am not either.
|
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(If Clause)
1. PRESENT REAL
|
IF CLAUSE
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
FACT
|
if+Simple Present
If I graduate in march
|
S+Modal1(will)+inf.+O
I will take master degree in July.
|
it is possible to happen.
I may graduate in March so I may take master degree in July.
|
2. PRESENT UNREAL
|
IF CLAUSE
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
FACT
|
if+Simple Past
If I graduated in March.
|
S+Modal2(wouldl)+inf.+O
I would take master degree in July.
|
Simple Present
I don’t graduate in March so I can’t take master degree in July.
|
3. PAST UNREAL
|
IF CLAUSE
|
MAIN CLAUSE
|
FACT
|
if+ Past Perfect
If I had graduated in March.
|
S+Modal2(would)+have+V3+O
I would have taken master degree in July.
|
Simple Past
I couldn’t take master degree in July because I didn’t graduate in March.
|
Catatan:
1.
Pernyataan
dalam SUBJUNCTIVE dan CONDITIONAL SENTENCES selahu bertentangan dengan fakta.
2.
Perubahan-perubahan
TENSES yang terjadi dalam SUBJUNCTIVE juga berlaku dalam CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
3.
IF
dalam IF CLAUSE dapat dihilangkan jika terdapat kata bantu SHOULD, WERE, dan
HAD dalam IF CLAUSE.
ex: If I had been
rich – Had I been rich
GERUND
adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari V-Ing, dan di dalam kalimat digunakan
Sebagai:
Subjek
|
WALKING is healthy
|
Objek
|
I hate SMOKING.
|
Objek dari sebuah preposisi
|
He is in charge OF ORGANIZING the meeting.
|
Dengan BY untuk menerangkan bagaimana sesuatu hal dilakukan.
|
I found out what QUENCH means BYLOOKING up the dictionary.
|
|
Sesudah kata kerja
berikut ini
|
admit, delay, mention, suggest, look
forward to.
appreciate, deny, mind, tolerate, avoid, discuss, postpone, understand, can’t
stand, enjoy, practice, hate, can’t help, finish, quit, be used to, complete,
keep, regret, be accustomed to.
consider, like, risk, object to.
|
SPEECH
SPEECH terbagi dalam dua bentuk DIRECT
dan INDIRECT
1.
Direct Speech
menyatakan isi pembicaraan seseorang dengan mengutip kata-katanya sebagaimana
yang diucapkan
Jika:
Statement
John said, “I will go
to Bali Tonight.
Yes / No Question
She asked, “Do you know
the speaker’s name?”
WH – Question
The teacher asked
Jane, “Why did you make many mistakes?”
Imperative
She said to the boys,
“Sit down!”
(negative)
She told me. “Don’t
speak!”
Present
Past Simple
Past Perfect
2.
Indirect Speech
menyatakan isi pembicaraan seseorang tanpa mengutip
kata-katanya sbagaiman adanya.
Maka :
THAT + statement
John said (that) he
would go to Bali that night.
WHETHER/ IF + Statement
She asked me
whether/if I knew the speaker’s name.
WH -Statement
The teacher asked Jane
why she had made many mistakes.
TO INFINITIVE
She told the boys To
Sit down.
NOT to infinitive
She told me Not To
Speak .
Past
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
CATATAN
·
Would,
should, had better, might, used to dan could di dalam Indirect Speechtidak mengalami perubahan.
·
Kata
penghubung That boleh dihilangkan dalam Indirect Speech.
CAUSATIVE
Pola ini digunakan untuk menyuruh
seseorang melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh Causative:
ACTIVE CAUSATIVE
1.
S
+ Let/make/have + O pelaku + Infinitive + O penderita
ex: john had the
mechanic repair his car.
2.
S
+ Get + O pelaku + To Infinitive + O penderita
ex: john got the
mechanic to repair his car.
PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
·
S
+ Make/have/get + O penderita + Verb3
ex: john made his car
repaired.
PREFERENCE
1.
Untuk
menyatakan kelebihsukaan terhadap suatu benda atau kegiatan digunakan struktur
sebagai berikut:
1.
S
+ Like + Noun*/ Gerund* + Better Than +
Noun**/Gerund**
Jane likes
apple
better than grape.
2.
S
+ Prefer + Noun*/ Gerund* + To
+ Noun** / Gerund**
Jane prefers eating apple
to
eating
grape
3.
S
+ Prefer + To infinitive + (Rather) Than+Infinitive/Gerund/Noun
Jane prefers
to eat apple rather than
eat grape
4.
S+Would
prefer+To infinitive+(Rather)Than+ Infinitive/Gerund/Noun
Jane would prefer to
eat apple than
eating grape
5.
S
+ Would Rather + Infinitive + THAN + Infinitive / Gerund / Noun
Jane would rather eat
apple than
grape
B. Untuk meminta seseorang melakukan
suatu kegiatan secara halus (implied causative) digunakan struktur sebagai
berikut:
1.
S
+ Prefer + Someone (Subject) + To infinitive
I
prefers
he
to go to bed
2.
S
+ Would Rather + Someone (Subject) + Verb**
I
would rather
he
went
to bed
Adjective
Clause
Clause ini
digunakan untuk memberi keterangan, identitas, dan informasi lain kepada
katabenda (Antecedent). Dalam struktur Adjective Clause ditandai dengan Relative Pronoun, yaitu: who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, dan that.
Who
digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi
subjek (human as
subject).
Whom
digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi objek (human as object).
Which
digunakan untuk benda, baik dalam posisi
subjek atau objek (non-human
as subject/object).
That
digunakan sebagai subtitusi who, whom, atau which.
Whose
digunakan untuk kepemilikan.
When
digunakan untuk waktu.
Why
digunakan untuk sebab.
Contoh :
My English teacher is the man who Is
standing near the pillar.
The house where
I live is being renovated.
Adjective
clause dibagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu:
1.
Important (defining) adjective clause,
yaitu adjective
clause yang merupakan informasi penting bagi antecedent.
2.
Unimportant (undefining) adjective clause,
yaitu adjective
clause yang merupakan informasi yang tidak
penting bagi antecedent .
Contoh :
Important
Bob’s brother that
(who) lives in New York is an actor.
Meaning
Bob
has more than one brother.
Unimportant
Bob’s brother, who
lives in New York is an actor.
Meaning
Bob
has only one brother.
Catatan :
Dalam important adjective clause, relative pronoun, seperti: who, whom, which dapat digantikan dengan that;
sedangkan dalam unimportant adjective clause tidak.
Adverb Clause
Clause ini digunakan untak memberi
keterangan tambahan kepada Main
Clause. Dalam struktur Adverb Clause ditandai dengan kata penghubung yang sesuai dengan
keterangan yang diberikan,antara lain:
1.
Time
: after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, since, until, when, whenever,
while.
2.
Place
: where, wherever.
3.
Reason
: because, since.
4.
Purpose
: so that, in order that.
5.
Manner
: as if, as though.
6.
Condition
: if, in case, provided that, unless, otherwise.
7.
Result
: so.. that, such . . . that, therefore, thus, consequently.
8.
Contrast
: although, though, even though, however, but, in spite of, despite.
Contoh :
He is such a good
teacher that I will never forget him.
You
will not make a success unless you work hard.
Noun Clause
Noun
Clause berfungsi sama dengan single-word noun dalam kalimat sebagai subjek atau objek.
Contoh:
1. Noun Clause as Subject
Single-Word Noun
Noun
Clause
His house is
big.
Where he lives is big.
Her story was very interesting. What she told us teas
very interesting.
2. Noun Clause as Object
Single-Word Noun
Noun
Clause
I don’t know him.
I
don’t know who
he is.
She is reading my letter. She is reading what I have written.
Klausa ini dapat berasal dari statement, yes/no
question, dan information question .
1. Statement
Contoh :
The world is round. ® Everyone knows that the world is round.
2. Yes/No Question
Contoh :
Is he feeling fine ? ® I don’t whether/if he is feeling fine.
3. Information Question
Contoh :
Who are you talking to ? ® Who I am talking to is not your
business.
Catatan :
Adjective Clause dam Adverb Clause dapat direduksi menjadi phrase dengan menghilangkan
beberapa bagian clause. Adverb
Clause dapat direduksi jika subjek dalam Adverb Clause dan Main
Clause sama.
a.
Adjective Clause
1.
Hilangkam
Relative Pronoun dan to be dalam Adjective
Clause.
Clause ® The
child who
is bitten by a dog is crying.
Phrase ® The child bitten by a dog is crying.
2.
Jika
tidak ada to be dalam Adjective
Clause, maka verb diubah menjadi verb-ing.
Clause ®
Anyone who has
library card may check out books.
Phrase ® Anyone having library
card may check out books.
b.
Adverb Clause
1.
Hilangkan
subjek dan to be dalam Adverb
Clause.
Clause ® I was very sad while I was packing my suitcase.
Phrase ® I was very sad while
packing my suitcase.
2.
Jika
tidak ada to be dalam Adverb
Clause, maka verb diubah menjadi verb-ing.
Clause ® Before I left the class, I asked about the exam.
Phrase ® Before leaving the class, I asked about the exam.
3.
Khusus
untuk so that dan if clause diubah menjadi to infinitive phrase .
Clause ®
I moved to the place by them so
that I could surf everyday.
Phrase ®
I moved to the place by the sea to
surf everyday.
Clause ® We can stop at that place if we want to take a rest. Phrase ® We can stop at that place to take a rest.
